How does one do off-line database backups?

Shut down the database from sqlplus or server manager. Backup all files to secondary storage (eg. tapes). Ensure that you backup all data files, all control files and all log files. When completed, restart your database.
Do the following queries to get a list of all files that needs to be backed up:
SYNTAX:
select name from sys.v_$datafile;
select member from sys.v_$logfile;
select name from sys.v_$controlfile;